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1. Not until the research was fully peer-reviewed ______ its controversial findings.

2. The report highlights the need for a more ______ approach to resource management, one that considers economic, social, and environmental factors simultaneously.

3. ______ the necessary funding, the project would have been completed months ahead of schedule.

4. Despite initial setbacks, the team persevered; ______, their efforts were eventually crowned with success.

5. The ancient manuscript, ______ in a forgotten monastery, provided invaluable insights into medieval philosophy.

6. The company's decision to downsize was met with ______ from the employees, who felt their loyalty had been betrayed.

7. He must ______ about the meeting; I sent him three separate reminders yesterday.

8. The new policy is intended to ______ the negative effects of climate change by promoting renewable energy sources.

9. ______ the ubiquity of digital information, critical thinking skills are more essential than ever.

10. The research findings were far from definitive; in fact, they were quite ______ and pointed to a need for further study.

11. Rarely ______ such a compelling and well-argued case for legislative reform.

12. The lecturer's argument hinged ______ the assumption that all data points were accurately recorded.

13. If the government ______ more in public transport infrastructure, urban congestion would likely decrease.

14. The rapid pace of technological change often outstrips our ability to ______ its long-term societal implications.

15. The politician's speech was criticized for being ______, full of platitudes but lacking any concrete proposals.

16. The study, ______ over a period of ten years, tracked the cognitive development of 500 children.

17. The committee is comprised ______ experts from various scientific disciplines.

18. She spoke with such ______ that it was impossible not to be swayed by her argument.

19. ______ he is a leading expert in his field, his views on this particular matter are considered highly unorthodox.

20. The problem of plastic pollution is multifaceted, ______ a combination of legislative action, corporate responsibility, and individual behavioral change.

21. You ______ told me you were going to be late; I waited for over an hour.

22. The new regulations were implemented with the ______ aim of improving workplace safety.

23. The witness's account of the event did not ______ with the physical evidence found at the scene.

24. Little ______ that their discovery would revolutionize the field of medicine.

25. The manager is looking for an assistant who is not only efficient but also exceptionally ______.

Bài đọc hiểu

The Emergence of Biomimicry in Modern Engineering

Biomimicry, the practice of emulating nature's strategies to solve human design challenges, is rapidly gaining traction in various fields of engineering and technology. Far from being a mere aesthetic inspiration, it represents a profound shift in design philosophy. Instead of imposing man-made solutions upon the environment, biomimicry advocates for learning from the 3.8 billion years of research and development that nature has already conducted. Innovations such as the Shinkansen bullet train in Japan, whose nose was redesigned to mimic a kingfisher's beak to reduce sonic booms, are a testament to its efficacy. Similarly, materials scientists are studying the structure of lotus leaves to create self-cleaning surfaces, and architects are designing buildings with ventilation systems inspired by termite mounds. Proponents argue that this approach is inherently sustainable, as nature's models are typically energy-efficient and produce no waste. However, critics caution that simply copying a natural form without understanding the underlying principles and ecological context can be superficial and ineffective. Truly successful biomimicry, therefore, requires a deep, interdisciplinary collaboration between biologists and engineers to distill functional principles from biological models.

1. What is the primary purpose of the passage?

2. In the first sentence, the word 'emulating' is closest in meaning to:

3. According to the passage, why is the kingfisher's beak mentioned?

4. What do the proponents of biomimicry claim is its main advantage?

5. What is the main concern raised by critics of biomimicry?

6. What can be inferred about the author's view on the future of biomimicry?

The Cognitive Dissonance of Environmentalism

A pervasive paradox exists within modern environmentalism: the phenomenon of cognitive dissonance, where an individual's beliefs and behaviors are in conflict. Many people profess a strong commitment to protecting the planet, yet their daily actions—such as frequent flying, high consumption of single-use plastics, and diets rich in red meat—often run counter to this conviction. This gap is not necessarily due to hypocrisy, but rather to a complex interplay of psychological, social, and economic factors. Psychologically, the scale of global environmental problems can feel overwhelming, leading to a sense of powerlessness that discourages individual action. Socially, consumerist lifestyles are deeply embedded and often equated with success and convenience, making sustainable alternatives appear less appealing or practical. Economically, eco-friendly products and services can be prohibitively expensive for a significant portion of the population. Consequently, individuals may unconsciously rationalize their contradictory behavior, perhaps by overemphasizing their recycling efforts while downplaying the impact of their international flights. Addressing this dissonance requires a shift from focusing solely on individual guilt towards systemic changes that make sustainable choices the default, rather than the exception.

1. What is the central topic of the passage?

2. In the first sentence, the word 'pervasive' most nearly means:

3. According to the passage, the gap between belief and action is NOT necessarily a result of:

4. Why does the author suggest that eco-friendly lifestyles are not always adopted?

5. The example of 'overemphasizing recycling efforts' serves to illustrate:

6. What is the author's proposed solution for addressing this cognitive dissonance?

7. The overall tone of the passage can be best described as:

The Decline of Serendipity in the Digital Age

Serendipity, the act of making fortunate discoveries by accident, has long been a catalyst for innovation and creativity. From the discovery of penicillin to the invention of the Post-it note, history is replete with examples of unexpected findings leading to momentous breakthroughs. However, some cultural critics argue that the architecture of our modern digital lives is eroding the potential for such unplanned encounters. The algorithms that power our search engines, social media feeds, and streaming services are designed for personalization and efficiency. They meticulously curate our experiences, serving us content that aligns with our pre-existing preferences and behaviors. While this optimization can be convenient, it risks trapping us in 'filter bubbles' or 'echo chambers,' insulating us from novel ideas, diverse perspectives, and the random, tangential information that often sparks true insight. In the physical world, browsing a library shelf or wandering through a new city neighborhood might expose one to unforeseen knowledge. In contrast, the digital realm, for all its vastness, can paradoxically narrow our intellectual horizons. Reclaiming serendipity may require a conscious effort to break free from algorithmic constraints—by exploring unfamiliar topics, following diverse voices, and embracing a degree of randomness in our information consumption.

1. What is the main argument of the passage?

2. In the second sentence, the word 'replete' is closest in meaning to:

3. How do algorithms potentially 'narrow our intellectual horizons'?

4. According to the passage, what is the main purpose of personalization algorithms?

5. The author contrasts browsing a library with using a search engine to:

6. What does the author suggest as a way to 'reclaim serendipity'?

7. The statement 'the discovery of penicillin was a fortunate accident' is presented in the passage as a: