Luyện Tập Ngôn Ngữ - LinguaRead
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1. It is imperative that any study of this nature ______ subjected to rigorous peer review before its conclusions are disseminated.

2. Not until the final chapter ______ the full implications of the protagonist's existential crisis become apparent.

3. The team's research, ______ comprehensive in scope, ultimately failed to address the core ethical questions.

4. Had the government foreseen the economic downturn, it ______ more prudent fiscal policies.

5. The philosopher's central thesis rests on a rather ______ assumption about the universality of human reason.

6. The report meticulously documented the ______ effects of deregulation on environmental standards.

7. ______ all potential variables, the researchers concluded that the correlation was statistically significant.

8. The minister's speech was a masterpiece of ______, skillfully avoiding any concrete commitments while appearing to address all concerns.

9. So ______ was the evidence against the hypothesis that it was abandoned by all but its most ardent proponents.

10. The rise of populism can be seen as a direct ______ to the perceived failures of neoliberal economic policies.

11. The committee members found themselves at an impasse, their differing ideological standpoints proving ______.

12. The cultural critic argued that modern art, far from being esoteric, serves to ______ our deepest societal anxieties.

13. Seldom ______ such a profound shift in geopolitical alignments witnessed in a single decade.

14. Her analysis was praised for its ______, deftly weaving together threads from sociology, history, and economics.

15. The legal framework, as it stands, is ill-equipped to deal with the ______ of artificial intelligence.

16. He approached the task with a great deal of ______, which unfortunately was mistaken for arrogance by his colleagues.

17. The attempt to create a unified theory has been ______ with difficulties from the outset.

18. The treaty, rather than fostering peace, served to ______ existing tensions between the two nations.

19. The prevailing scientific ______ holds that the universe began with the Big Bang, a theory supported by vast amounts of observational evidence.

20. Were the information to be leaked, the diplomatic repercussions ______ catastrophic.

21. He was a ______ supporter of the cause, donating generously and speaking publicly on its behalf.

22. The notion of a 'post-truth' era suggests a political culture in which objective facts are less influential in shaping public opinion than ______ to emotion and personal belief.

23. The new biography attempts to ______ the long-held myth that the author was a recluse, presenting evidence of a vibrant social life.

Bài đọc hiểu

The Hermeneutics of Suspicion

The French philosopher Paul Ricoeur coined the phrase 'school of suspicion' to describe the transformative methodologies of Karl Marx, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Sigmund Freud. These thinkers, he argued, fundamentally altered the project of interpretation (hermeneutics) by introducing a radical skepticism towards the surface-level meaning of texts, beliefs, and cultural phenomena. Traditional hermeneutics often sought to recover an original, intended meaning. In contrast, the hermeneutics of suspicion posits that consciousness itself is fundamentally distorted or 'false.' For Marx, this falsity stems from economic ideology, which masks the reality of class struggle. For Nietzsche, it is the 'will to power' that shapes moral codes, presenting them as objective truths when they are merely tools of domination. For Freud, the conscious mind is a carefully constructed facade, concealing the true drivers of human behavior in the unconscious. The task of the critic, therefore, is not to empathize with the text's apparent message but to demystify it—to decode the subtext and expose the hidden forces at play. This approach has had a profound, albeit contentious, influence on literary criticism, history, and cultural studies, compelling scholars to question the ostensible innocence of any narrative and to probe for the power structures and repressed desires that lie beneath.

1. What is the primary objective of the 'hermeneutics of suspicion' as described in the passage?

2. According to the passage, how does this 'school of suspicion' differ from traditional hermeneutics?

3. The word 'ostensible' in the final sentence is closest in meaning to:

4. Which of the following would be the most likely subject of a critical analysis using the hermeneutics of suspicion?

5. What does the author imply about the influence of this interpretive method?

6. The passage suggests that for Freud, the 'true drivers of human behavior' are found in:

7. The main purpose of the passage is to:

Quantum Non-Locality and Its Ontological Challenge

One of the most profound and counter-intuitive concepts to emerge from quantum mechanics is non-locality, a phenomenon Albert Einstein famously derided as 'spooky action at a distance.' It describes a situation where two or more quantum particles, once linked or 'entangled,' remain connected in such a way that measuring a property of one particle instantaneously influences the corresponding property of the other, regardless of the distance separating them. This instantaneous influence appears to violate the principle of locality, a cornerstone of classical physics which states that an object is only directly influenced by its immediate surroundings. The implications are staggering. If non-locality is a fundamental feature of reality, it challenges our deeply ingrained notions of space, time, and causality. In the 1960s, physicist John Bell formulated a theorem that allowed for experimental tests to distinguish between the predictions of quantum mechanics and those of theories based on local realism—the common-sense view that objects have definite properties independent of observation and that influences cannot travel faster than light. Overwhelmingly, experiments have vindicated quantum mechanics, confirming that the universe is, at its core, non-local. This forces a radical re-evaluation of ontology, the philosophical study of being. It suggests that reality may not be composed of discrete, independent entities, but rather an indivisible, interconnected whole, where the concept of 'separation' is an illusion of the macroscopic world.

1. What is the central paradox presented by quantum non-locality?

2. The phrase 'spooky action at a distance' suggests that Einstein's attitude toward non-locality was one of:

3. What was the primary function of John Bell's theorem?

4. The term 'vindicated' in the third paragraph means:

5. According to the passage, what fundamental concept of classical physics is challenged by non-locality?

6. The author suggests that a major ontological implication of non-locality is that:

7. Based on the passage, which statement is true?

Algorithmic Governance and the Opaque Panopticon

Jeremy Bentham's 18th-century design for the Panopticon—a prison where inmates could be observed at all times from a central tower without knowing if they were being watched—has been resurrected as a potent metaphor for modern power structures. Philosopher Michel Foucault famously analyzed it not as mere architecture, but as a diagram of a disciplinary society, one that internalizes surveillance to the point where individuals regulate their own behavior. Today, this principle finds a new, more insidious form in algorithmic governance. Unlike the visible brick-and-mortar Panopticon, its digital successor is opaque and ubiquitous. Complex algorithms, often proprietary 'black boxes,' now make critical decisions in domains from credit scoring and predictive policing to public resource allocation. The power of this new panopticon lies in its invisibility and the perceived objectivity of data. Citizens are subject to constant 'datafication,' their behaviors translated into data points that feed predictive models. The risk is twofold. First, these algorithms can inherit and amplify existing societal biases, perpetuating systemic inequalities under a veneer of computational neutrality. Second, the lack of transparency and accountability is profound; when an algorithm denies someone a loan or flags them as a risk, the logic behind the decision is often inaccessible to both the subject and public overseers. This creates a form of control that is not only pervasive but also fundamentally unaccountable, shifting the Foucauldian model from a disciplinary society to a control society governed by inscrutable code.

1. What is the primary analogy the author draws in the passage?

2. According to Foucault's analysis, what is the key psychological effect of the Panopticon on individuals?

3. The passage describes the 'digital successor' to the Panopticon as 'more insidious' primarily because:

4. The phrase 'veneer of computational neutrality' suggests that algorithms:

5. What is the main problem associated with algorithmic 'black boxes' in governance?

6. The author's tone throughout the passage can best be described as:

7. The passage implies that the shift to a 'control society' is characterized by: