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1. If the research team ______ more funding, they could have completed their project on schedule.

2. Before beginning the experiment, it is standard practice to ______ a thorough review of existing literature.

3. The new international trade agreement ______ by negotiators from twelve countries last week.

4. The historian, ______ recent book explores the causes of the industrial revolution, will be speaking at the conference.

5. The development of renewable energy sources has ______ a major shift in the global power industry.

6. The lecturer explained that the final exam ______ for 40% of the total grade.

7. The country's ______ stability is a key factor for attracting foreign investment.

8. The event was cancelled at the last minute. The organizers ______ the bad weather forecast.

9. By the time she graduated, she ______ on three major research projects.

10. Climate change is arguably the most ______ issue facing humanity today.

11. ______ by the complexity of the problem, the engineers decided to consult with an external expert.

12. The initial plan had several flaws; ______, the final version was much more robust.

13. A key trait for professionals in the 21st century is the ability to ______ to new technologies.

14. It is imperative that all personnel ______ with the new safety regulations.

15. The architect is admired for her ______ use of sustainable materials in modern buildings.

16. Not only ______ the team meet the deadline, but they also exceeded the project's quality standards.

17. The organization's main objective is to ______ awareness about the importance of digital literacy.

18. By 2050, it is predicted that automated systems ______ many jobs currently done by humans.

19. Governments are implementing new policies designed to ______ the carbon emissions from industrial activities.

20. If I had known about the traffic, I ______ a different route to the airport.

21. The study's findings have significant ______ for public health policy.

22. Despite ______ hard, the student did not pass the final examination.

23. The rise in sea levels is a direct ______ of global warming.

Bài đọc hiểu

The Rise of Smart Cities

As the world's population becomes increasingly urbanized, municipalities face unprecedented challenges in managing resources and infrastructure. The concept of the 'smart city' has emerged as a promising solution. At its core, a smart city utilizes information and communication technologies (ICT), particularly the Internet of Things (IoT), to enhance the quality of urban services. For instance, smart sensors embedded in roads can monitor traffic flow in real-time, allowing for dynamic adjustments to traffic signals to reduce congestion. Similarly, smart grids can optimize energy distribution, reducing waste and lowering costs. While the potential benefits are substantial, the implementation of smart cities also raises critical concerns, primarily regarding data privacy and security. The vast amounts of data collected on citizens' movements and habits, if not managed with transparent and robust policies, could be vulnerable to misuse. Therefore, creating a successful smart city is as much a challenge of governance and ethics as it is of technology.

1. What is the primary purpose of this passage?

2. According to the text, how can smart technology help with traffic problems?

3. The word 'substantial' in the third paragraph is closest in meaning to:

4. The passage states that the main challenge for smart cities is purely technological.

5. All smart cities currently in operation have solved the problem of data privacy.

The Psychology of Procrastination

Procrastination is often misunderstood as a simple matter of laziness or poor time management. However, recent psychological research suggests a more complex explanation: it is primarily an issue of emotion regulation. Individuals procrastinate not because they enjoy delaying tasks, but because they want to avoid the negative feelings—such as anxiety, self-doubt, or boredom—that they associate with a particular task. The temporary relief gained from putting off the task reinforces the habit, creating a cycle of avoidance. This perspective reframes procrastination as a coping mechanism, albeit a counterproductive one. To tackle this issue effectively, experts suggest strategies that focus on managing emotions rather than just scheduling time. Techniques include breaking down a daunting task into smaller, less intimidating steps, and practicing self-compassion by forgiving oneself for past procrastination. By addressing the underlying emotional triggers, individuals can develop a healthier relationship with their work and improve their productivity.

1. What is the main argument of the passage about procrastination?

2. According to the text, why does the habit of procrastination continue?

3. What can be inferred about tasks that are commonly procrastinated on?

4. The phrase 'tackle this issue' in the third paragraph is closest in meaning to:

5. The passage suggests that practicing self-compassion is more effective than creating a strict schedule.

The Critical Role of Biodiversity

Biodiversity, the vast variety of life on Earth, is fundamental to the health of our planet. It encompasses diversity within species, between species, and of ecosystems. This intricate web of life provides 'ecosystem services' that are essential for human survival and well-being. These services include the pollination of crops by insects, the purification of air and water by forests and wetlands, and the regulation of climate. The resilience of an ecosystem—its ability to withstand and recover from disturbances like droughts or floods—is directly linked to its level of biodiversity. A more diverse ecosystem has a greater variety of species to perform essential functions, making it more stable. However, biodiversity is under severe threat globally, primarily due to human activities such as habitat destruction, pollution, and climate change. The loss of biodiversity not only jeopardizes individual species but also weakens the natural systems that sustain us all, making conservation an urgent global priority.

1. What is the author's primary purpose in writing this text?

2. The word 'resilience' in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to:

3. What can be inferred from the passage about ecosystems with low biodiversity?

4. The text claims that all ecosystem services, like pollination, are directly provided by animals.

5. The main cause of biodiversity loss is natural climate cycles.