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1. Not only ______ the necessary funding, but they also failed to secure the required permits for the construction project.

2. The committee's final report was ______ in its criticism of the company's environmental policies, leaving no room for ambiguity.

3. ______ all the potential risks, the team decided to proceed with the experiment, confident in their safety protocols.

4. The rapid advancement of AI technology has ______ a number of complex ethical questions that society must address.

5. Had the early warnings been heeded, the catastrophic impact of the financial crisis ______ significantly mitigated.

6. The research findings, ______ were published in a prestigious scientific journal, have been challenged by several independent labs.

7. Renewable energy sources are becoming increasingly affordable; ______, their widespread adoption is still hindered by infrastructural challenges.

8. The professor insisted that the final essays ______ by midnight on Friday, with no exceptions.

9. The politician's speech was deliberately ______, designed to appeal to a wide range of voters without committing to a specific policy.

10. Seldom ______ such a clear correlation between diet and long-term health outcomes in a single study.

11. The theory is plausible, but the evidence provided is largely ______ and not based on empirical data.

12. It is ______ that all participants sign the consent form before the trial begins.

13. The new software, ______ to be user-friendly, has received numerous complaints about its complex interface.

14. The archeologists were puzzled; the artifacts found at the site ______ from a much later period than they had originally thought.

15. The company decided to ______ its operations to reduce costs, a move that was met with protests from the workers' union.

16. ______ the defendant was acquitted of all charges, his reputation was irrevocably damaged by the lengthy trial.

17. The study aims to ______ the long-term effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive function.

18. I would rather you ______ me the truth about what happened yesterday.

19. The government's attempts to ______ the rebellion through force only served to strengthen the resolve of the protestors.

20. New regulations have been introduced ______ the aim of protecting endangered species from poaching.

21. His argument, though eloquently delivered, was ultimately ______ by a lack of substantive evidence.

22. The treaty requires both nations to ______ from developing new offensive weapons.

23. The effects of the new policy have been ______ beneficial, improving outcomes for a wide range of citizens.

24. It is still unclear ______ this innovative approach will be scalable on a global level.

25. The sudden ______ of the negotiations took everyone by surprise, as a deal had seemed imminent.

Bài đọc hiểu

The Ethics of AI in Creative Fields

The burgeoning field of generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) presents a complex ethical dilemma for creative industries. On one hand, AI tools can democratize creativity, offering powerful capabilities to individuals who lack traditional skills or resources. An amateur musician, for instance, can generate a complex orchestral score, while a novice designer can produce professional-grade visuals. Proponents argue this fosters innovation and opens up new artistic frontiers. On the other hand, this technology raises salient questions about authenticity and intellectual property. If an artwork is generated by an algorithm trained on millions of existing human-created images, who is the true author? This issue is exacerbated by the potential for AI to devalue the work of human artists, potentially leading to job displacement and a homogenization of culture, where art is optimized for algorithmic appeal rather than genuine human expression. The legal frameworks governing copyright are struggling to keep pace, leaving a grey area that is both a source of exciting experimentation and profound anxiety for creators. Navigating this new landscape requires a delicate balance between embracing technological advancement and safeguarding the intrinsic value of human creativity.

1. What is the primary purpose of this passage?

2. The word 'salient' in the passage is closest in meaning to:

3. According to the passage, what is one potential negative consequence of AI in creative fields?

4. What does the author imply about the current legal system regarding AI and copyright?

5. The phrase 'exacerbated by' suggests that the issue of authorship is:

6. Based on the passage, one could infer that proponents of creative AI value:

7. The passage states that generative AI can create professional-grade visuals for novice designers.

Urbanization and its Environmental Toll

The inexorable global trend of urbanization, while a catalyst for economic growth and social mobility, exacts a significant environmental toll. As cities expand, natural habitats such as forests and wetlands are irreversibly converted into concrete landscapes, leading to a substantial loss of biodiversity. This urban sprawl also exacerbates pollution. The concentration of industry and transportation systems releases vast quantities of greenhouse gases and particulate matter into the atmosphere, contributing to climate change and posing public health risks. Furthermore, the impervious surfaces prevalent in urban areas, like asphalt and concrete, prevent rainwater from being absorbed into the ground. This phenomenon drastically increases surface runoff, which overwhelms drainage systems and carries pollutants into rivers and oceans, degrading water quality. Cities are also 'heat islands,' where temperatures are consistently higher than in surrounding rural areas due to heat absorbed by buildings and roads. This necessitates greater energy consumption for cooling, which in turn amplifies the cycle of pollution. Mitigating these effects requires a paradigm shift towards sustainable urban planning, incorporating green infrastructure, promoting public transportation, and championing energy-efficient building designs.

1. What is the main argument of the passage?

2. The word 'inexorable' in the first sentence is closest in meaning to:

3. According to the text, how do impervious surfaces contribute to water pollution?

4. What is the 'heat island' effect described in the passage?

5. What can be inferred about the relationship between the 'heat island' effect and pollution?

6. What is the author's tone in the final sentence?

7. The passage claims that converting forests into cities is a reversible process.

The Psychology of 'Nudge' Theory

Coined by Richard Thaler and Cass Sunstein, 'nudge' theory is a concept in behavioral science which argues that positive reinforcement and indirect suggestions can influence behavior and decision-making at least as effectively as direct instruction, legislation, or enforcement. The core idea is to alter the 'choice architecture'—the context in which people make decisions—to make the desirable choice the easiest one, without forbidding any options. For instance, placing healthy food at eye level in a cafeteria is a classic nudge; it doesn't ban junk food but subtly encourages a better dietary choice. This approach has found considerable traction in public policy. Governments use nudges to increase retirement savings by making enrollment the default option, or to improve public health by sending text message reminders for appointments. However, the theory is not without its critics. Some argue it is a form of paternalistic manipulation, subtly coercing citizens without their explicit consent. Others question its long-term efficacy, suggesting that nudges may not foster genuine, lasting changes in belief or behavior, but merely temporary compliance. The debate thus centers on the ethical line between benevolent guidance and unwelcome interference in personal autonomy.

1. What is the central concept of 'nudge' theory?

2. The phrase 'choice architecture' refers to:

3. Which of the following is presented as a criticism of nudge theory?

4. The author mentions making retirement savings enrollment a default option as an example of:

5. What does the passage imply about the long-term impact of nudges?

6. The passage states that Richard Thaler and Cass Sunstein oppose the use of nudge theory in public policy.